Diferencia entre revisiones de «Harvey Samuel Firestone»

Harvey Firestone
	; Harvey Firestone
Información personal
Nacimiento	20 de diciembre de 1868; Columbus , Estados Unidos
Fallecimiento	7 de febrero de 1938; Miami Beach, Estados Unidos
Causa de muerte	Trombosis coronaria
Nacionalidad	Estadounidense
Familia
Padres	Catherine Flickinger y Benjamin Firestone
Cónyuge	Idabelle Smith Firestone
Hijos	Harvey, Russell, Leonard, Raymond y Elizabeth.
Educación
Educado en	Escuela Técnica Otto Krause; Columbiana High School ;
Información profesional
Ocupación	Fundador de la Firestone Tire and Rubber Company
Distinciones	National Inventors Hall of Fame (2006) ;
	[editar datos en Wikidata]

Explorar historial interactivamente

← Ir a diferencia anterior Ir a siguiente diferencia →

Contenido eliminado Contenido añadido

VisualWikitexto

En renglón

Revisión del 19:53 26 mar 2010

Harvey Samuel Firestone fue el fundador de la Firestone Tire and Rubber Company, uno de los primeros fabricantes mundiales de neumáticos de automóvil y uno de los contribuyentes más importantes del crecimiento económico de Estados Unidos en el siglo XX.

Biografía

Firestone nació en la granja familiar , situada en el pequeño pueblo de Columbiana. Era el segundo de los tres hijos de Benjamin Firestone, granjero, y de A. Catherine Flickinger. Tras graduarse en la escuela de enseñanza secundaria de Columbiana, Firestone trabajó para la Columbus Buggy Company en Columbus, Ohio, antes de empezar su propio negocio en 1890, haciendo neumáticos de goma para carruajes. En 1895 se casó con Isabelle Smith. Tuvieron cinco hijos: Harvey S. Firestone, Jr., Russell A. Firestone, Leonard Firestone, Raymond Firestone y Elizabeth Firestone. En 1904 Firestone se unió a Henry Ford con el propósito de fabricar neumáticos para los nuevos automóviles. La alianza Ford-Firestone se estrechó cuando el nieto de henry, William Clay Ford, se casó con Martha Firestone, nieta de Harvey, que pasaron a ser los padres del presidente de la Ford Motor Company, William Clay Ford, Jr.. La granja en la que nació Firestone se encuentra en la actualidad en Greenfield Village (Dearborn, Minneapolis), una zona histórica de 90 acres fundada por Henry Ford.

Firestone estaba preocupado tanto por la fabricación de neumáticos como por asegurar la oferta de caucho. Llegó a tener una plantación de caucho en Liberia de más de 4 000 kilómetros cuadrados. Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial el gobierno de los Estados Unidos le pidió a la compañía que fabricase casquetes para artillería, barricas de aluminio para transportar alimentos y otros productos. En 1938 Firestone falleció en su residencia de vacaciones de Miami Beach, Florida a los 69 años de edad.

El club de los millonarios

Firestone, Ford y Thomas Edison estaban considerados en aquella época los tres líderes de la industria estadounidense, y a menudo trabajarían y se tomarían vacaciones juntos. Los tres formaron parte de un club muy exclusivo, el “Club de los millonarios”. Era un club elegante en el que los miembros podían reunirse y acordar la adquisición de un edificio o de otros bienes. Para sellar el trato bastaba un apretón de manos, pues se confiaba en la palabra del otro.

Honores

La biblioteca principal de la Universidad de Princeton fue llamada Firestone Library en su honor. Es una de las mayores bibliotecas universitarias del mundo. En 1973, Firestone fue incluido póstumamente en el Automotive Hall of Fame. El Firestone High School de Akron, Ohio fue también nombrado en su honor. También alberga un memorial dedicado a la memoria de Firestone.

Enlaces externos

En inglés

Datos: Q2985287
Multimedia: Harvey Samuel Firestone / Q2985287

@@ Línea 1: / Línea 1: @@
 {{Ficha de persona
-|nombre		= Thaddeus Shudark
+|nombre		= Harvey Firestone
 |imagen		= Harvey Samuel Firestone.jpg|
-|tamaño		= 15px
+|tamaño		= 150px
 |descripción		= Harvey Firestone
 |fecha de nacimiento	= [[20 de diciembre]] de [[1868]]
@@ Línea 29: / Línea 29: @@
 La biblioteca principal de la [[Universidad de Princeton]] fue llamada [[Firestone Library]] en su honor. Es una de las mayores bibliotecas universitarias del mundo.
 En [[1973]], Firestone fue incluido póstumamente en el [[Automotive Hall of Fame]]. El Firestone High School de [[Akron]], [[Ohio]] fue también nombrado en su honor. También alberga un memorial dedicado a la memoria de Firestone.
-This guy fails at life
-==History==
-[[File:PENCILWI.JPG|thumb|Old Soviet colour pencils with box (circa 1959)]]
-The [[archetypal]] pencil may have been the [[stylus]], which was a thin metal stick, often made from [[lead]] and used for scratching in [[papyrus]], a form of early paper. They were used extensively by the [[ancient Egypt]]ians and [[ancient Rome|Romans]]. The word ''pencil'' comes from the [[Latin]] word {{lang|la|''pencillus''}} which means "little tail".
-===Discovery of graphite deposit===
-Some time before 1565 (some sources say as early as 1500), an enormous deposit of [[graphite]] was discovered on the approach to [[Grey Knotts]] from the hamlet of [[Seathwaite, Allerdale|Seathwaite]] in [[Borrowdale|Borrowdale parish]], [[Cumbria, England]].<ref name="norgate">{{cite web
-  |url=http://www.geog.port.ac.uk/webmap/thelakes/html/lgaz/lk00976.htm
-  |title=Old Cumbria Gazetteer, black lead mine, Seathwaite
-  |year=2008
-  |author=Martin and Jean Norgate, Geography Department, Portsmouth University
-  |accessdate=2008-05-19
-}}</ref><ref name="wainwright_western" >{{cite book|title=A Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells, Western Fells
-  |author=Alfred Wainwright
-  |year=2005
-  |isbn=0-7112-2460-9
-}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
-  |url=http://www.phy.mtu.edu/~jaszczak/borrowdale.html
-  |title= Graphite from the Plumbago Mine, Borrowdale, England
-  |publisher=Department of Physics at Michigan Technological University
-  |accessdate=2008-03-27
-}}</ref>  The locals found that it was very useful for marking sheep. This particular deposit of graphite was extremely pure and solid, and it could easily be sawn into sticks. This remains the only large scale deposit of graphite ever found in this solid form.<ref>{{cite web
-  |url=http://www.cumbria-industries.org.uk/wad.htm
-  |title= Lakeland's Mining Heritage
-  |publisher=www.cumbria-industries.org.uk
-  |accessdate=2008-03-27
-}}</ref> [[Chemistry]] was in its infancy and the substance was thought to be a form of lead. Consequently, it was called ''plumbago'' (Latin for "lead ore").<ref>{{cite web
-  |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/plumbago
-  |title=Definition of Plumbago
-  |publisher=Answers.com
-  |accessdate=2007-04-21
-}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
-  |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/plumbago
-  |title=Definition of Plumbago
-  |publisher=Thefreedictionary.com
-  |accessdate=2007-04-21
-}}</ref> The black core of pencils is still  referred to as ''lead'', even though it never contained the [[Chemical element|element]] [[lead]]. In German, the word for pencil still is Bleistift, literally ''lead stick''.
-The value of graphite was soon realized to be enormous, mainly because it could be used to line the moulds for [[Round shot|cannonballs]], and the mines were taken over by the [[The Crown|Crown]] and guarded. When sufficient stocks of graphite had been accumulated, the mines were flooded to prevent theft until more was required. Graphite had to be smuggled out for use in pencils. Because graphite is soft, it requires some form of [[case]]. Graphite sticks were at first wrapped in string or in [[Leather|sheepskin]] for stability. The news of the usefulness of these early pencils spread far and wide, attracting the attention of artists all over the known world.
-Although deposits of graphite had been found in other parts of the world, they were not of the same purity and quality as the Borrowdale find, and had to be crushed to remove the impurities, leaving only graphite powder.{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}} England continued to enjoy a monopoly on the production of pencils until a method of reconstituting the graphite powder was found. The distinctively square English pencils continued to be made with sticks cut from natural graphite into the 1860s. The town of [[Keswick, Cumbria|Keswick]], near the original findings of block graphite, has a pencil museum.<ref>{{cite web
-  |url=http://www.pencilmuseum.co.uk/
-  |title=Keswick Pencil Museum
-  |publisher=Pencilmuseum.co.uk
-  |accessdate=2009-07-23
-}}</ref>
-The first attempt to manufacture graphite sticks from powdered graphite was in [[Nuremberg]], Germany, in 1662. It used a mixture of graphite, [[sulfur|sulphur]], and [[antimony]].
-Residual graphite from a pencil stick is not poisonous, and graphite is harmless if consumed.<ref>{{cite web
-  |url=http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC33124
-  |title=Graphite - Identification, toxicity, use, water pollution potential, ecological toxicity, and regulatory information
-  |publisher=Pesticideinfo.org
-  |accessdate=2009-07-23
-}}</ref>
-===No. 2 Pencils===
-The number 2 pencil got its title from the shade of darkness it has (second most dark) from pencil #1-5. This pencils shape is typically hexagon and is always wood cased.They can write under water, upside down and in space. They can also write up to 45000 words{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}}.
-===Wood holders added===
-The Italians first thought of wooden holders. An Italian couple, in particular, named Simonio and Lyndiana Bernacotti, were believed{{Who|date=July 2009}}{{When|date=July 2009}} to be the ones to create the first blueprints for the modern [[carpentry pencil]] for the purpose of marking their carpentry pieces; however, their version was instead a flat, oval, more compact type of pencil. They did this at first by hollowing out a stick of [[juniper]] wood. Shortly thereafter, a superior technique was discovered: two wooden halves were carved, a graphite stick inserted, and the two halves then glued together&mdash;essentially the same method in use to this day.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}<ref>[http://www.historyofscience.com/G2I/timeline/index.php?era=1500 Historyofscience.com]</ref>
-English and German pencils were not available to the French during the [[Napoleonic Wars]]; France, under naval blockade imposed by Great Britain, was unable to import the pure graphite sticks from the British [[Grey Knotts]] mines – the only known source in the world for solid graphite. France was also unable to import the inferior German graphite pencil substitute. It took the efforts of an officer in [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]]'s army to change this. In 1795, [[Nicholas Jacques Conté]] discovered a method of mixing powdered graphite with [[clay]] and forming the mixture into rods that were then fired in a [[kiln]]. By varying the ratio of graphite to clay, the hardness of the graphite rod could also be varied. This method of manufacture, which had been earlier discovered by the Austrian [[Joseph Hardtmuth]] of [[Koh-I-Noor (company)|Koh-I-Noor]] in 1790, remains in use.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}
-In England, pencils continued to be made from whole sawn graphite. [[Henry Bessemer]]'s first successful invention (1838) was a method of compressing graphite powder into solid graphite thus allowing the waste from sawing to be reused.<ref>Bessemer, Henry. "Sir Henry Bessemer, F.R.S: An Autobiography. Chapter 3."</ref>
-[[File:Pencil manufacture.svg|thumb|right|200px|Pencil manufacturing. The top sequence shows the old method that required pieces of graphite to be cut to size; the lower sequence is the new, current method using rods of graphite and clay]]
-American colonists imported pencils from Europe until after the [[American Revolution]]. [[Benjamin Franklin]] advertised pencils for sale in his ''Pennsylvania Gazette'' in 1729, and [[George Washington]] used a three-inch pencil when he surveyed the [[Ohio Territory]] in 1762.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} It is said that [[William Munroe (pencil maker)|William Munroe]], a cabinetmaker in [[Concord, Massachusetts]], made the first American [[wood]] pencils in 1812. This was not the only pencil-making occurring in Concord. According to [[Henry Petroski]], [[transcendentalist]] philosopher [[Henry David Thoreau]] discovered how to make a good pencil out of inferior graphite using clay as the [[Binder (material)|binder]]; this invention was prompted by his father's pencil factory in Concord, which employed graphite found in [[New Hampshire]] in 1821 by Charles Dunbar.
-Munroe's method of making pencils was painstakingly slow, and in the neighbouring town of [[Acton, Massachusetts|Acton]], a pencil mill owner named Ebenezer Wood set out to automate the process at [[Nashoba Brook Pencil Factory Site|his own pencil mill located at Nashoba Brook along the old Davis Road]]. He used the first circular saw in pencil production. He constructed the first of the hexagon- and octagon-shaped wooden casings that we have today. Ebenezer did not patent his invention and shared his techniques with whomever asked. One of those was [[Eberhard Faber]] of New York, who became the leader in pencil production.<ref>{{cite web
-  |url=http://www.actontrails.org/EAPencils.htm
-  |title=Acton Conservation Lands, Early American Pencils
-  |publisher=Actontrails.org
-  |accessdate=2009-07-23
-}}</ref>
-[[Joseph Dixon (inventor)|Joseph Dixon]], an inventor and entrepreneur involved with the [[Tantiusques]] granite mine in [[Sturbridge, Massachusetts]], developed a means to [[mass production|mass produce]] pencils.  By 1870, The [[Joseph Dixon Crucible Company]] was the world’s largest dealer and consumer of graphite and later became the contemporary [[Dixon Ticonderoga]] pencil and art supplies company.<ref>{{cite web
-  |url=http://www.dixonusa.com/index.cfm/fuseaction=history.dixon
-  |title=Dixon Ticonderoga Company
-  |publisher=Dixonusa.com
-  |accessdate=2009-07-23
-}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
-  |url=http://www.thetrustees.org/pages/368_tantiusques.cfm
-  |title=Tantiusques Graphite Mine
-  |publisher=Thetrustees.org
-  |accessdate=2009-07-23
-}}</ref>
-By the end of the 19th century over 240,000 pencils were used each day in the United States alone. The favoured timber for pencils was [[Juniperus virginiana|Red Cedar]] as it was [[aromatic]] and did not splinter when sharpened. In the early 1900s supplies of Red Cedar were dwindling so that pencil manufacturers were forced to recycle the wood from cedar fences and barns to maintain supply. Britain went as far as declaring the use of [[pencil sharpener]]s illegal to discourage unnecessary sharpening.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} It was soon discovered that [[Calocedrus|Incense cedar]], when dyed and perfumed to resemble Red Cedar, was a suitable alternative and most pencils today are made from this timber which is grown in managed forests. Over 14 billion pencils are manufactured worldwide annually.<ref>"The Point Of It All". Discovery Channel Magazine. Volume 1, Issue 5, 2008</ref>
-=== Eraser attached ===
-[[File:LipmanPencilEraserPatent.jpg|thumb|220px|Drawing of pencil with an attached eraser from its patent application]]On 30 March 1858, [[Hymen Lipman]] received the first [[patent]] for attaching an [[eraser]] to the end of a pencil.<ref>{{cite web
-  |url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=19783 |title=US Patent 19783 Combination of Lead-Pencil and Eraser by L. Lipman |publisher=Patft.uspto.gov |date= |accessdate=2009-07-23}}</ref> In 1862 Lipman sold his patent to Joseph Reckendorfer for $100,000, who went to sue the pencil manufacturer Faber-Castell for infringement.<ref>{{cite book
-  |last=Petroski  |first=Henry
-  |year=1990
-  |title=The Pencil: A History of Design and Circumstance
-  |location=New York  |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf
-  |isbn=0-394-57422-2
-  |ref=Petroski, 1990
-  |pages=171
-}}</ref> In 1875, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled against Reckendorfer declaring the patent invalid.<ref>{{cite web
-  |url=http://supreme.justia.com/us/92/347/case.html
-  |title=Reckendorfer v. Faber 92 U.S. 347 (1875)
-  |publisher=Supreme.justia.com
-  |accessdate=2009-07-23
-}}</ref>
 == Enlaces externos ==