Usuario:Ucevista/Pruebas

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Bibliografía[editar]

  • Bahrmann, Hannes; Links, Christoph (1999). Chronik der Wende: die Ereignisse in der DDR zwischen 7. Oktober und 18. März 1990 (en alemán). Ch. Links Verlag. p. 298. ISBN 3861531879. 
  • Glees, Anthony (1996). Reinventing Germany: German political development since 1945 (en inglés). Berg Publishers. p. 306. ISBN 1859731856. 
  • Harold, James; Stone, Marla (1992). When the Wall came down: reactions to German unification (en inglés). Routledge. p. 351. ISBN 0415905907. 
  • Herberg, Dieter; Doris, Steffens; Tellenbach, Elke (1997). Schlüsselwörter der Wendezeit: Wörter-Buch zum öffentlichen Sprachgebrauch 1989/90 (en alemán). Walter de Gruyter Verlag. p. 521. ISBN 311015398X. 
  • Hudemann, Rainer; Poidevin, Raymond; Maas, Annette (1995). Die Saar 1945-1955: ein Problem der europäischen Geschichte (en francés y alemán). Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. p. 443. ISBN 3486561421. 
  • Jarausch, Konrad Hugo (1994). The rush to German unity (en inglés). Oxford University Press US. p. 280. ISBN 0195085779. 
  • Jarausch, Konrad Hugo; Gransow, Volker (1994). Uniting Germany: documents and debates, 1944-1993 (en inglés). Berghahn Books. p. 282. ISBN 1571810110. 
  • Kowalczuk, Ilko-Sascha (2009). Endspiel: die Revolution von 1989 in der DDR (en alemán). C.H.Beck. p. 602. ISBN 3406583571. 
  • Land, Rainer; Possekel, Ralf (1998). Fremde Welten: die gegensätzliche Deutung der DDR durch SED-Reformer und Bürgerbewegung in den 80er Jahren (en alemán). Ch. Links Verlag. p. 310. ISBN 3861531720. 
  • Lipschitz, Leslie; McDonald, Donogh (1990). «German unification: economic issues». FMI (en inglés). p. 171. ISBN 1557752001. 
  • Maier, Charles S. (1999). Dissolution: The Crisis of Communism and the End of East Germany (en inglés). Princeton University Press. p. 464. ISBN 0691007462. 
  • Monedero, Juan Carlos; Alvarado, Emilio; Aguilera, Raúl; Jerez, Ariel (1993). El retorno a Europa: de la perestroika al Tratado de Maastricht. Editorial Complutense. p. 429. ISBN 8474914469. 
  • Piotrowicz, Ryszard W.; Blay, Sam (1997). The unification of Germany in international and domestic law (en inglés). Rodopi. p. 225. ISBN 9051837550. 
  • Quint, Peter E. (1997). The imperfect union: constitutional structures of German unification (en inglés). Princeton University Press. p. 482. ISBN 0691086567. 
  • Rödder, Andreas (2009). Deutschland einig Vaterland. Die Geschichte der Wiedervereinigung (en alemán). Verlag C. H. Beck. p. 490. ISBN 3406562817. 
  • Sauveur-Henn, Anne Saint; Schneilin, Gérard (1998). La mise en œuvre de l'unification allemande, 1989-1990 (en francés). Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle. p. 444. ISBN 2910212114. 
  • Shumaker, David H. (1995). Gorbachev and the German question: Soviet-West German relations, 1985-1990 (en inglés). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 202. ISBN 027595028X. 
  • Stares, Paul B. (1992). The New Germany and the new Europe (en inglés). Brookings Institution Press. p. 406. ISBN 0815781377. 
  • Süß, Walter (1999). Staatssicherheit am Ende: warum es den Mächtigen nicht gelang, 1989 eine Revolution zu verhindern (en alemán). Ch. Links Verlag. p. 815. ISBN 386153181X. 
  • Veltmeijer, Ruud (2000). Het wonder van de Duitse eenwording (en holandés). Uitgeverij Boom. p. 296. ISBN 9053526234. 
  • Weidenfeld, Werner; Korte, Karl-Rudolf (1999). Handbuch zur deutschen Einheit, 1949-1989-1999 (en alemán). Campus-Verlag. p. 890. ISBN 3593362406. 

Las Manifestaciones del Lunes (en alemán:Montagsdemonstrationen) fueron una serie de protestas pacíficas que tuvieron lugar todos los lunes por la noche en la República Democrática Alemana (RDA) en 1989 y 1990 against the authoritarian government.

Overview[editar]

Demonstators with banners. This demonstration took place after the fall of the wall.

In Leipzig the demonstrations began on 4 September 1989 after regular prayers for peace in the Nikolaikirche with parson Christian Führer, and eventually filled the nearby downtown Karl Marx Square (today known again as Augustus-Platz). Safe in the knowledge that the Lutheran Church supported their resistance, many dissatisfied East German citizens gathered in the court of the church, and non-violent demonstrations began in order to demand rights such as the freedom to travel to foreign countries and to elect a democratic government.

Informed by (West German) television and friends about the events, people in other East German cities begun repeating the Leipzig demonstration, meeting at city squares on Monday evenings. A major turning point was the events in the West Germany Embassy of Prague, where thousands of East Germans had fled to in September, living there in conditions reminiscent of the Third World. Hans-Dietrich Genscher had negotiated an agreement that allowed them to travel to the West, in trains that had to pass first through the GDR. The speech of Hans-Dietrich Genscher from the balcony was interrupted by a very emotional reaction to his announcement. When the trains passed Dresden central station in early October, police forces had to stop people from trying to jump on the trains.

By 9 October 1989, just after the 40th anniversary celebrations of the GDR, what had begun as a few hundred gatherers at the Nikolaikirche had swelled to more than 70,000 (out of the city's population of 500,000), all united in peaceful opposition to the regime. The most famous chant became Wir sind das Volk! - "We are the people!", reminding their leaders that a democratic republic has to be ruled by the people, not by an undemocratic party claiming to represent them.

Although some demonstrators were arrested, the threat of large-scale intervention by security forces never materialised as local leaders (SED party leader Helmut Hackenberg and Generalmajor Gerhard Straßenburg of the armed police), without precise orders from East Berlin and surprised by the unexpected high number of citizens, shied away from causing a possible massacre, ordering the retreat of their forces. Later, Egon Krenz claimed it was he who gave the order not to intervene.

The next week, in Leipzig on 16 October 1989, 120,000 showed up, with military units again being held on stand-by in the vicinity. The next week, the number more than doubled to 320,000, proving that the majority of the population opposed the regime. This pressure led to the Fall of the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989, marking the imminent fall of the socialist GDR regime.

The demonstrations eventually ended in March 1990, around the time of the first free multi-party elections on all-GDR level, for the Volkskammer parliament that paved the way to German reunification.

Years later, Monday demonstrations were also held in the early and mid-2000s as a protest against the Iraq war and against social security changes (Hartz IV).

Véase también[editar]

Referencias[editar]


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